Pathogen Variety
63 * 10 7 ± 2.72 * 10 nine ), with N. ceranae (step one.58 * ten 7 ± 3.56 * ten 8 ), BQCV (cuatro.84 * ten six ± 1.52 * 10 8 ), and you may DWV (8.forty * 10 5 ± step one.54 * 10 eight ) (Desk S3). An equivalent abundance styles was indeed submitted when you look at the for every single region and you may site (Table S3).
The highest variety are used in Halictus scabiosae for DWV (ten * 10 8 ), in the Anthidium loti and Episyrphus balteatus to own KBV (10 * ten 5 ); during the Halictus fulvipes, Andrena hattorfiana, and you may Osmia bicornis to have ABPV (10 * 10 six ); during the Eucera eucnemidea for CBPV and you may SBV (10 * ten 10 and you will 10 * ten eight , respectively); inside Bombus sylvarum getting BQCV (10 * 10 9 ); into the Anthidium florentinum and Lasioglossum villosulum getting AmFV (10 * ten 5 ); for the H. fulvipes and you will Bombus terrestris having Letter. ceranae (10 * ten Fecha de FRENO 9 ); when you look at the Bombus pascuorum and you will B. terrestris for C. bombi (ten * ten eight ); inside A good. florentinum and Age. eucnemidea to possess S. apis (10 * 10 5 ); along with Halictus simplex and you may Andrena distinguenda to have S. melliferum (10 * 10 six ) (Dining table S1). Two someone (Chelostoma rapunculi and you may Lasioglossum malachurum) tested inside the July from inside the ERMO were confident to have L. passim (10 * 10 3 ) (Dining table S1), whenever you are a couple of anyone sampled for the July, H. simplex and you can Halictus cochlearitarsis, correspondingly, away from PIAI and you may ERES were found positive to have A good. apis (10 * 10 5 ) (Desk S1).
For all pathogens except CBPV, L. passim, and S. apis, the newest servers taxon, testing webpages, and you will week have been extreme predictors out of abundance (Table 5). All the around three affairs mentioned above had been rather correlated into the variety out of DWV, BQCV, Letter. ceranae, and you may C. bombi.
Dining table 5 Significativity of your own sampling site, taxon, and few days of the range given that predictors away from pathogen variety (Kruskal–Wallis analysis).
Regular Styles
For the March, a high frequency out of pathogens is actually recognized, due primarily to brand new repeated density from both Letter. ceranae and you will DWV. Just after a high drop-off, both N. ceranae and DWV resumed broadening, getting together with a maximum for the Sep. Yet not, the general pathogen variety peaked into the July, after a constant increase from inside the earlier year (Shape step 3).
Shape step 3 Pathogen prevalence (top) and you may variety (bottom) about testing 12 months (March–October) from inside the crazy types (left) and Apis mellifera (right). Abundance was found given that a quantitative logarithm.
Detailed article-hoc contrasting try advertised when you look at the Desk S4. Statistical differences in pathogen abundance receive in Figures S1, S2. Temporarily, inside February, a dramatically large variety regarding ABPV and you will N. ceranae was perceived, whereas new abundance out of S. melliferum are notably higher in may. Together with, the fresh new abundance of BQCV and you can C. bombi try notably higher into the June, the latest variety away from DWV and you may SBV is significantly high during the FV is actually rather highest when you look at the Sep. Zero tall distinctions was observed having KBV, CBPV, L. passim, S. apis, and you can A. apis (p > 0.05).
Trojan Phylogenesis
The viral sequences had been analyzed to clarify you are able to structural spatial and you can/otherwise temporal parallels. All sequenced worms remote regarding the different pollinator types belonged to the same strainsparing the positive someone for every widespread sequence resulted in finest homology. Therefore, the next analyses was basically presented during the quantity of the brand new servers varieties in place of directly. All viral sequences was just like the Western european virus sequences in GenBank.
All the sequences belonging to ABPV (n = 33) (Shape 4) and you can AmFV (n = 14) (Shape 5) that were recognised contained in this data clustered for the a giant single clade. The sequences don’t differ one of several individuals machine species and you will sampling web sites.
